Adequate protection

the right of a party with an interest in the debtor's property (such as a secured creditor) to assurance that its interest will not be diminished during the bankruptcy proceedings.

administrative claim

(or

administrative expense claim

) debt incurred by the debtor, with court approval, after the bankruptcy filing including necessary costs of preserving the estate, wages, salaries, court costs, lawyers' fees, accountants' fees, trustees' expenses, etc.

Adversary proceeding

A lawsuit filed in the bankruptcy court which is related to the debtor's bankruptcy case. Examples are complaints to determine the changeability of a debt and complaints to determine the extent and validity of liens.

Allowed claim

(or

allowed interest

) a claim of a creditor (or an equity interest) that is approved by the court for satisfaction under the plan of reorganization.

arrangement

may refer to a variety of formal or informal agreements worked out concerning the conditions under which a bankrupt company may operate; often, it refers to an extension of time in which debt can be paid off. This was the term used under old Chapter XI. Arrears The amount that is unpaid and overdue as of the date the bankruptcy case is filed. The word "arrears" is usually used when referring to back child support, back alimony owed, or the amount that is past due on mortgage payments (including interest and penalties). Asset Personal possessions of value, including cash, real estate, vehicles and investments.

automatic stay

the suspension of actions, such as debt collection or foreclosure, against the company or consumer in bankruptcy. Occurs automatically when the bankruptcy petition is filed. This action protects the debtor from creditors seeking to seize its assets. It protects some creditors in that it prevents one creditor from obtaining an excessive share of the assets of the bankrupt to the exclusion of the other creditors.

Avoidance

The Bankruptcy Code permits the debtor to eliminate (avoid) some kinds of liens that interfere with (or impair) an exemption claimed in the bankruptcy. Most judgment liens that have attached to the debtor's home can be avoided if the total of the liens (mortgages, judgment liens and statutory liens) is greater than the value of the property in which the exemption is claimed. This is sometimes called "lien stripping."

avoidance power

the power of the court to invalidate certain obligations or transactions undertaken by a debtor prior to filing bankruptcy. It is generally intended to reverse transfers of property that favor one creditor over another.

ballot date

concerning a bankruptcy reorganization, the date and time, set by the bankruptcy court, by which all votes for accepting or rejecting the plan of reorganization must be received.

bankrupt

the entity that files a bankruptcy; the debtor; the insolvent entity. This is a nontechnical term and is not used in the Bankruptcy Code. bankruptcy (see also failure and insolvency) a nontechnical term for a legal state of insolvency.

Bankruptcy Act of 1898

the basis of the federal bankruptcy statutes used until the

Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978

; provided primarily for liquidation of companies; reorganization could be effected indirectly under the 1898 Act through equity receiverships (these were used to keep creditors from seizing the assets of distressed companies).

Bankruptcy Act of 1933

a statutory expansion of reorganization for companies; (see Section 77); the Bankruptcy Act of 1933 and the Bankruptcy Act of 1934 were superseded by the Chandler Act of 1938.

Bankruptcy Act of 1934

a further statutory expansion of reorganization for companies; (see Section 77B); the Bankruptcy Act of 1933 and the Bankruptcy Act of 1934 were superseded by the Chandler Act of 1938.

Bankruptcy Amendments of 1984

a set of amendments to the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978. It contains a number of provisions including: limiting the jurisdiction of the bankruptcy court, limiting the right of companies to invalidate labor contracts while in bankruptcy and providing for the prevention of "substantial abuse."

Bankruptcy Code

the name given to the statutory body of bankruptcy laws after the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978. or Title 11 of the United States Code governs bankruptcy proceedings. Bankruptcy is a matter of federal law and is, with the exception of exemptions, the same in every state. When federal bankruptcy law conflicts with state law, federal law controls.

Bankruptcy Court

the federal tribunal where cases under the Bankruptcy Code are litigated.

Bankruptcy estate

generally, the property of the debtor that is subject to the jurisdiction of the bankruptcy court.

Bankruptcy petition

the document filed with the court to initiate a bankruptcy proceeding.

Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1994

most comprehensive piece of bankruptcy legislation since the

Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978

; signed into law on October 22, 1994 with most provisions effective immediately; included in the 1994 Act are: provisions to expedite bankruptcy proceedings; provisions to standardize fees; provisions to encourage individual debtors to use Chapter 13 to reschedule their debts rather than use Chapter 7 to liquidate; provisions to aid creditors in recovering claims against bankrupt estates; creation of a National Bankruptcy Commission to investigate further changes in bankruptcy law; etc.

Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978

first substantive bankruptcy code revision since the Chandler Act of 1938; took effect on October 1, 1979; some of the major elements of this act were 1) upgrading the jurisdiction of the U.S. bankruptcy courts to deal with cases handled by other courts (subsequently modified); 2) allowing the filing of a single joint petition of bankruptcy by husband and wife; 3) reorganizing the Chapters of bankruptcy; in particular, concerning business reorganization, Chapters X, XI and XII of the old code are replaced by Chapter 11; 4) expanding the number of people eligible and the type of relief available to people in a new Chapter 13, wageearner reorganization bankruptcy; 5) altering the appellate procedure allowing direct appeal to the U.S. courts of appeal (subsequently modified); and 6) generally, making federal exemption provisions and options for debtors more extensive.

Bankruptcy Rule 2004

a provision of the Bankruptcy Code that allows one party in a bankruptcy proceeding to compel discovery or other examination against another party.

Bankruptcy Tax Act of 1980

the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978 did not specify how certain tax matters concerning bankruptcies should be handled. The Bankruptcy Tax Act of 1980 was passed to specify the tax treatment of bankruptcy tax issues. It specifies the tax treatment of, among other things, tax loss carryforwards and exchanges of equity for debt.

Bar date

the last date that creditors may file a claim against the debtor.

Business bankruptcy

a bankruptcy categorized by the U.S. courts as a business bankruptcy; data from the U.S. Administrative Office of the Courts subdivides bankruptcies into business and nonbusiness.

business failure

(see failure)

cash collateral

cash and cash equivalents held by the debtor in Chapter 11 subject to liens of other parties.

Chandler Act of 1938

legislation providing substantial modifications to the

Bankruptcy Act of 1898

.

Chapter

the Bankruptcy Code is organized into Chapters. Except for Chapter 12, the Chapters of the present code are all oddnumbered and are enumerated with Arabic numerals. (Before the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978, the Chapters were numbered with Roman numerals.) Chapters 1, 3, and 5 cover matters of general application. Chapters 7, 9, 11, 12 and 13 concern, respectively: liquidation (business or nonbusiness); municipality bankruptcy; business reorganization; family farm debt adjustment; and wageearner or personal (i.e. nonbusiness) reorganization.

Chapter 11

reorganization proceedings, generally for business entities; the debtor maintains control of the business in Chapter 11 (unless the Court appoints a trustee).

Chapter 9

bankruptcies of municipalities; only a few of these are filed each year; over the period 1980 through 1988 there averaged about 4 Chapter 9 filings per year.

Chapter 7

liquidation proceedings; generally assets are sold by a trustee and the company ceases operation. (Individuals may file Chapter 7 also.)

Chapters X, XI and XII

before the Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978, these three chapters of bankruptcy existed for company bankruptcies that involved reorganization. Chapter X involved reorganization for big companies that held public debt or equity, Chapter XI was for readjustment of debts of smaller, nonpublicly held companies and Chapter XII was for companies with extensive holdings of real property.

Chapter 10

a new chapter of the bankruptcy code proposed in 1992 and pending in 1993. Chapter 10, like Chapter XI of the old code, is designed for small business reorganizations.

Chapter 13

bankruptcy proceedings for an individual with the intention of rescheduling the individual's debt (rather than liquidating the individual's assets and debt; an individual files under Chapter 7 to liquidate); Chapter 13 is referred to as wageearner bankruptcy, personal bankruptcy or consumer bankruptcy; Chapter 13 cannot be used by a partnership or a corporation; it can be used by a sole proprietorship.

"Chapter 33"

an unofficial term describing a company that has filed for Chapter 11 three times.

Chapter 12

family farmer bankruptcies; created by Congress in 1986 (Chapter 12 became effective on November 26, 1986 and is now a permanent Chapter of the Bankruptcy Code); only a family owned farm business can qualify for Chapter 12 and it must have debt less than $1.5 million and have 50% of its income from farming operations.

"Chapter 20"

an unofficial term describing the filing of a Chapter 7 proceeding followed by a Chapter 13. The Chapter 7 filing eliminates unsecured debts while the Chapter 13 filing handles continuing liens.

"Chapter 22"

an unofficial term describing a company that has filed for Chapter 11 twice.

claims

rights to repayment made by creditors against a debtor; they may be liquidated, unliquidated, fixed, contingent, matured, unmatured, secured, unsecured, subordinated, legal or equitable. See specific entries and see priority of claims.

class

each of the different categories of claims against a debtor.

Collateral

The property which is subject to a lien. A creditor with rights in collateral is a secured creditor and has additional protections in the Bankruptcy Code for the claim secured by collateral. The measure of the secured claim is the value of the collateral available to secure the claim: it is possible to have a lien on property that is subject to a senior lien or liens such that the security available to pay the claim is really without value to the junior creditor. The general rule with respect to liens is "First in time, first in right."

confirmation

the final approval by the bankruptcy court of a debtor's plan of reorganization. Confirmation takes place after the plan has been approved by creditors.

contested matter

a dispute among the parties to a bankruptcy proceeding, instituted by the filing of a motion of the court.

convenience claims

(see small claims)

conversion

changing chapters in bankruptcy (e.g., converting from Chapter 11 to Chapter 7 or viceversa).

core proceedings

those proceedings that are inherent in and fundamental to the administration of a bankruptcy case. Core proceedings are subject to the jurisdiction of the bankruptcy court. Noncore proceedings may be conducted outside the jurisdiction of the bankruptcy court.

cramdown

confirmation of a plan of reorganization over the objections of one or more classes of creditors.

Credit Report

A report outlining an individuals credit history, public records and credit worthiness.

Creditor

The person or organization to whom the debtor owes money or has some other form of legal obligation.

creditors' committee

a committee of representatives of a debtor's creditors appointed by the U.S. Trustee. The committee acts on behalf of all creditors on negotiating a plan of reorganization and other major actions. In large, complex cases, there may be more than one such committee.

debtor

the entity seeking protection from creditors under the bankruptcy laws.

debtorinpossession

the debtor which remains in control of operations; as opposed to having a trustee operate the company.

default

the failure by an entity to abide by the covenants in a debt obligation or other agreement to which it is a party. The most common default is nonpayment of interest or principal.

Delinquency

Failure to make payments when payments are due. For most mortgages, payments are due on the first day of the month. Even though they may not charge a "late fee" for a number of days, the payment is still considered to be late and the loan delinquent. When a loan payment is more than 30 days late, most lenders report the late payment to one or more of the credit bureaus.

Denial of Discharge

Penalty for debtor misconduct with respect to the bankruptcy case or creditors as a whole. The grounds on which the debtor's discharge may be denied are found in 11 U.S.C. 727. When the debtor's discharge is denied, the debts that could have been discharged in that case cannot be discharged in any subsequent bankruptcy. The administration of the case, the liquidation of assets and the recovery of avoidable transfers, continues for the benefit of creditors.

discharge (of indebtedness)

the satisfaction or elimination of the debts of the debtor by the bankruptcy court.

Dischargable Debts

Debts that can be eliminated in bankruptcy. Certain debts are not dischargeable; that it, they may not be discharged through bankruptcy or may only be discharged through Chapter 13. Family support and criminal restitution are examples of debts which cannot be discharged. Debts incurred by fraud can only be discharged in Chapter 13.

disclosure statement

a comprehensive disclosure document sent to creditors when they are asked to vote on a plan of reorganization in Chapter 11.

dismissal

the termination of a bankruptcy proceeding. The bankruptcy court can dismiss a case if it deems that the debtor or three creditors should not have filed or that a plan can never be formulated. See also conversion.

distressed

used to describe securities, companies and related items in or near bankruptcy or insolvency. The term does not have a strict, technical or legal definition. For example, a distressed security might be a security where the issuer has defaulted or a security that is selling at a substantially discounted price where a default is expected in the future.

docket

the schedule on which the clerk of the court records all motions, pleadings, memoranda, orders and all other court filings.

effective date

the date on which a plan of reorganization is implemented; usually it occurs after all the conditions to a plan of reorganization have been satisfied.

equitable subordination

the lowering of priority of a claim because the holder of the claim is found to be guilty of some kind of improper conduct.

Equity

A homeowner's financial interest in a property. Equity is the difference between the value of the property and the amount still owed on its mortgage and other liens.

examiner

a professional appointed by the bankruptcy court to investigate and oversee certain aspects of the debtor or the proceedings. (By way of comparison, the role of the trustee is to operate the business of the debtor whereas the role of the examiner is to investigate and report to the court.)

exchange offer

an offer by an issuer of debt securities to exchange new securities with less onerous provisions for currently outstanding securities. Companies often make exchange offers in an attempt to avoid bankruptcy.

exclusivity (period of)

a debtor in Chapter 11 has the exclusive right to file a plan of reorganization for the first 120 days of its bankruptcy. Thereafter, unless the period of exclusivity is extended by the court, other parties may file reorganization plans.

executory contract

a contract in which some or all of the obligations of each party have not yet been completed. The debtorinpossession (or trustee) is allowed to reject unilaterally certain executory contracts.

Exempt

Property that is exempt is removed from the bankruptcy estate and is not available to pay the claims of creditors. The debtor selects the property to be exempted from the statutory lists of exemptions available under the law of his state. The debtor gets to keep exempt property for use in making a fresh start after bankruptcy.

Exemptions

Exemptions are the lists of the kinds and values of property that is legally beyond the reach of creditors or the bankruptcy trustee. What property may be exempted is determined by state and federal statutes, and varies from state to state.

failure

(see also bankruptcy and insolvency) an economic assessment of the viability of a business, it means that a firm is either not earning what is expected (i.e. it has a below normal rate of return) or is not meeting its obligations. It is not synonymous with bankruptcy because bankruptcy is more of a formal and legal definition. A failing company is not necessarily a bankrupt company and viceversa.

Fair Market Value

The highest price that a buyer, willing but not compelled to buy, would pay, and the lowest a seller, willing but not compelled to sell, would accept. Foreclosure: The legal process by which a borrower in default under a mortgage is deprived of his or her interest in the mortgaged property. This usually involves a forced sale of the property at public auction with the proceeds of the sale being applied to the mortgage debt.

fee examiner

appointed by the court to monitor fees paid to professionals in bankruptcy cases.

Fiduciary

one who is entrusted with duties on behalf of another. The law requires the highest level of good faith, loyalty and diligence of a fiduciary, higher than the common duty of care that we all owe one another. The debtor in possession in a Chapter 11 is a fiduciary for the creditors, owing loyalty to the creditors and not the shareholders of the debtor.

Filing Fees

(as of January 2007) for Chapter 7 the fee is $299, for Chapter 11 it is $830 and for Chapter 13 it is $274.

first meeting of creditors (341 meeting)

a mandatory meeting between creditors and the debtor. It is usually held within a month of the filing of bankruptcy but often occurs later when the debtor has filed its schedules of financial information.

fraudulent conveyance

the transfer of valuable assets from a company which i) occurs when the company is technically insolvent, ii) renders the company insolvent, or iii) is made for less than adequate consideration. The spate of leveraged buyouts and other highly leveraged transactions in the 1980s has spurred a number of fraudulent conveyance allegations in recent years.

fresh start

informal term for the new accounting rules applicable to bankrupt companies. For companies that either file for Chapter 11 after January 1991 or emerge from Chapter 11 after June 1991, assets are to be valued at market value rather than at historical cost.

gap period

the period between the filing of an involuntary petition and the dismissal of the petition, the entry of an order for relief or the filing of a voluntary petition (whichever is the outcome).

Garnishment A court

ordered method of debt collection in which a portion of a person's salary is paid to a creditor. The process by which a judgment creditor seizes money, which is owed to his judgment debtor, from a third party known as a garnishee.

General, unsecured claim

Creditor's claim without a priority for payment for which the creditor holds no security (or collateral). If the available funds in the estate extend to payment of unsecured claims, the claims are paid in proportion to the size of the claim relative to the total of claims in the class of unsecured claims.

going concern value

what a company is worth if sold as a continuing business, as opposed to its liquidation value.

impairment

when a plan of reorganization alters the contractual rights of a class of holders of claims, that class is deemed to be impaired. A class that is unimpaired is deemed to automatically accept a plan of reorganization.

insolvency

(see also bankruptcy and failure) another term used to describe a firm that is failing; generally it means that a firm's liabilities exceed its assets or that it is unable to satisfy its obligations as they come due.

interests

the equity interests of stockholders are often referred to in bankruptcy documents merely as "interests."

involuntary bankruptcy

a bankruptcy initiated by at least three creditors holding unsecured claims aggregating at least $5000 against the debtor. Data from the U.S. Administrative Office of the Courts subdivides bankruptcies into voluntary and involuntary.

joint administration

the combining of two or more bankruptcy proceedings for administrative convenience. Frequently, the cases of affiliated entities are jointly administered. Joint administration does not necessarily result in

substantive consolidation

(see below).

Lien

An interest in real or personal property which secures a debt; the lien may be voluntary, such as a mortgage in real property, or involuntary, such as a judgment lien or tax lien.

liquidating reorganization

an informal term for a Chapter 11 proceeding when the company is essentially liquidated through one or more asset sales.

liquidation

the dissolution of a company (or individual); usually operations cease and assets are sold by auction; Chapter 7 is usually employed for liquidations, business or personal.

liquidation value

the aggregate value of a business if its assets are sold piecemeal.

matrix

a mailing list of creditors of the debtor. Done as part of the forms filled out for a Chapter 11 case.

National Bankruptcy Review Commission

an independent commission established pursuant to the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1994 to investigate and study issues relating to the Bankruptcy Code. The Commission completed a final report and ceased to exist as of November 19, 1997.

No Asset Case

A debt that cannot be eliminated in bankruptcy. Non dischargeable debts remain legally enforceable despite the bankruptcy discharge.

NOL (net operating loss)

(see tax loss carryforward)

nonbusiness bankruptcy

a bankruptcy categorized by the U.S. courts as a nonbusiness bankruptcy; the debtor in a nonbusiness bankruptcy is usually either an individual or a family farm; data from the U.S. Administrative Office of the Courts subdivides bankruptcies into business and nonbusiness.

Nondischargable

A debt that cannot be eliminated in bankruptcy. Non dischargeable debts remain legally enforceable despite the bankruptcy discharge.

PACER (Public Access to Court Electronic Records)

a service provided by the court system that gives case filing information. PACER requires an IBMcompatible computer equipped with a modem.

Perfection

When a secured creditor has taken the required steps to perfect his lien, the lien is senior to any liens that arise after perfection. A mortgage is perfected by recording it with the county recorder; a lien in personal property is perfected by filing a financing statement with the secretary of state. An unperfected lien is valid between the debtor and the secured creditor, but may be behind liens created later in time, but perfected earlier than the lien in question. An unperfected lien can be avoided by the trustee.

period of exclusivity

(see exclusivity)

personal bankruptcy

filed by an individual; also called a household bankruptcy, consumer bankruptcy or wageearner bankruptcy. (see Chapter 13 and also Chapter 12).

Personal Property

Property that is not real property or affixed to real property, such as cars, stock, furniture, etc.

petition

(or

bankruptcy petition

or

petition for relief

) the document that commences a bankruptcy proceeding.

plan of reorganization

the document setting forth how a bankrupt company plans to satisfy its creditors. The plan of reorganization is the cornerstone of a successful Chapter 11 bankruptcy.

Property of the Estate

The property that is not exempt and belongs to the bankruptcy estate. Property of the estate is usually sold by the trustee and the claims of creditors paid from the proceeds.

postpetition

occurring after the filing of a petition.

preference

a payment by a debtor made during a specified period (90 days or one year) prior to the filing that favors one creditor over others. Preference payments can usually be recovered and returned to the debtor's estate.

prepackaged bankruptcy

a situation where a company and its creditors agree to a plan of reorganization before the company files a bankruptcy petition. In a true prepackaged bankruptcy, a plan of reorganization is circulated and approved by creditors before the petition is filed. The court then confirms the plan and the company emerges from bankruptcy quickly.

prepetition

occurring before the filing of a bankruptcy petition.

priority claims

administrative expenses and salaries, wages, employee benefits, customer deposits and taxes which occurred prepetition.

pro rata

proportionately.

proof of claim

form filed by a creditor setting out its claims against a bankruptcy debtor.

receiver

particularly in foreign proceedings, or state court proceedings, a person appointed by the court to take custody of a debtor's property.

Reaffirm

The debtor can chose to reaffirm debts that would otherwise be discharged by the bankruptcy. Generally, when a debt is reaffirmed, the parties to the reaffirmed debt have the same rights and liabilities that each had prior to the bankruptcy filing: the debtor is obligated to pay and the creditor can sue or repossess if the debtor doesn't pay

Relief from Stay

A creditor can ask the judge to lift the automatic stay and permit some action against the debtor or the property of the estate. If the motion is granted, the moving party (but no one else) is free to take whatever action the court permits. Relief can be absolute, for example, permitting the creditor to foreclose on property, or limited, as for example, allowing the recordation of a notice of default.

reorganization

the resolving of a Chapter 11 bankruptcy by the emergence of the debtor as a viable business. Generally, the company agrees with creditors on a plan for payment of their claims (plan of reorganization) and emerges from Chapter 11 after the plan is confirmed by the court.

Repossession

Once in default, as defined by the creditor in the security agreement, occurs, the creditor can: repossess the collateral by selfhelp (depending on state law) or with the aid of a court order, dispose of the collateral by public or private foreclosure sale, retain the collateral in satisfaction of the debt, terminate the debtor's right of redemption, add the costs of repossession and foreclosure to the unpaid balance of the debt, and pursue the debtor for any remaining unpaid balance or deficiency.

restructuring

a general term applied to an outofcourt attempt to reorganize and satisfy debts. Similar to

workout

(see below).

Retired Benefits Bankruptcy Protection Act

passed June 16, 1988. Allows the debtor to continue to pay insurance premiums for employees during the course of a bankruptcy.

reverse leveraged buyout

when a company that was a leveraged buyout restructures its (usually unmanageable) debt by issuing new equity (usually in exchange for some or all of the outstanding debt incurred during the original leveraged buyout).

Rule 2004

(see Bankruptcy Rule 2004)

Schedules

The debtor must file the required lists of assets and liabilities to commence a bankruptcy case, collectively called the schedules.

Section 77

(of

1933 Act

) provided for reorganization of railroads (during the 1930s a large number of railroads encountered extreme financial difficulty); (see also Section 77B).

Section 77B

followed Section 77; provided for reorganization of companies other than railroads.

Section 304

the section of the present U.S. Bankruptcy code that handles multinational bankruptcies; only a few of these are filed each year; over the period 1980 through 1988 there averaged about 6 filings of Section 304 per year.

secured creditors

one of two general types of creditors of a company. Secured creditors have a lien on property of the company.

Secured Debt

A claim secured by a lien in the debtor's property by reason of the debtor's agreement or an involuntary lien such as a judgment or tax lien. The creditor's claim may be divided into a secured claim, to the extent of the value of the collateral, and an unsecured claim equal to the remainder of the total debt. Generally a secured claim must be perfected under applicable state law to be treated as a secured claim in the bankruptcy.

setoff

the ability to discharge or reduce a debt by applying a counter claim between the same parties. For example, a bank which has lent money to a debtor may attempt to satisfy some or all of the loan by seizing the debtor's deposits at the bank.

skeleton filing

term used at bankruptcy courts to describe a bankruptcy filing in which not all the necessary forms have been filed. Certain courts allow a case to commence if only certain important forms are filed so long as the balance of required forms are forthcoming within a certain period of time.

small claims

(also sometimes called

convenience claims

) under a plan of reorganization or liquidation, claims that are small (e.g. in the hundreds or thousands of dollars range) and numerous are often grouped into a single class and settled for cash for administrative convenience.

straight bankruptcy

an informal term for a Chapter 7 bankruptcy or liquidation; used more commonly to describe liquidation before the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978.

substantial abuse

a term that refers to the abusing of the privilege to file a petition. It usually describes fraud in cases of personal bankruptcy.

substantive consolidation

the combination of the estate of one debtor with the estate of one or more other debtors and the application of the combined estate to satisfy their combined liabilities. Substantive consolidation is often considered (although infrequently applied) in the case of parent/subsidiary debtors and other affiliated entities.

superpriority claim

an administrative claim that will be paid ahead of other administrative and priority claims.

tax loss carryforward

losses, for tax purposes, that can be carried forward and applied to reduce taxable income in future years. The Tax Reform Act of 1986 imposed stringent restrictions on the use of tax loss carryforwards.

trustee

an agent of the court who manages the property of the debtor for the benefit of the creditors. The court appoints a trustee in most Chapter 7 cases and in Chapter 11 cases when it determines that the debtor's management should not remain in control. This type of trustee should be distinguished from the U.S. Trustee, who plays an administrative role in all bankruptcy cases.

United States Trustee

an agent of the U.S. Department of Justice appointed to assist in bankruptcy cases. The U.S. Trustee administers many of the duties of the court including appointing committees, appointing trustees and examiners, scrutinizing bankruptcy documents, etc. The United States Trustee Program was begun in 1979. Presently, it covers all federal judicial districts except for North Carolina and Alabama which are scheduled to be included in October of 2002.

unsecured creditor

one of two general types of creditors of a company. The unsecured creditors have no liens on the property of the company.

Unsecured Debt

A claim or debt is unsecured if there is no collateral that is security for the debt. Most consumer debts are unsecured.

VCIS

(

Voice Case Information System

) a touchtone telephone service provided by the court system that gives case filing information.

voluntary bankruptcy

bankruptcy filed by the debtor itself; data from the U.S. Administrative Office of the Courts subdivides bankruptcies into voluntary and involuntary.

vulture funds

(also referred to as

vulture capitalists

or

vulture investors

) investment groups that are prominent in the restructuring of financially distressed and bankrupt companies usually by the buying or selling of large pieces of the distressed company's debt and/or equity.

wageearner bankruptcy

(see Chapter 13 and personal bankruptcy)

workout

an arrangement, outside of bankruptcy, by a debtor and its creditors for payment or rescheduling of payment of the debtor's obligations. Usually applies to an informal agreement between a business and its creditors, although it can be a formal agreement and it can apply to consumer debtors.

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